This excellent book [1] on e-learning summarises the state of knowledge in the field from a scientific perspective. A few highlights (including a few surprises):
- The market for professional training is approaching 60 B$ annually in the US. About a third a delivered by technology. Over the past 5 years, e-learning has grown 200% at the expense of classroom learning.
- The first media comparison study dates from 1947. A classroom was divided in 3 groups, with one group given a lecture, the second watching a movie and the third reading through a text. Subsequent tests showed no significant difference. Hundreds of media comparisons have been conducted meanwhile, confirming that the medium has no influence. Quality of instruction (and interest of the student) is a much more important factor. (our own Cracow experiment confirms this finding)
- The contiguity principle: Integrating text & graphics is much more effective than separating text in captions.
- The multimedia principle: using words combined with graphics is much more effective than using words alone.Interestingly, it appears that a sequence of static graphics is more effective than animations. Unless there is a compelling reason, best practice is the use of static sequences rather than animations.
- The modality principle: words as audio narration to graphics are more effective than on-screen text. We only have a visual and and auditory channel to process information. Using both channels in parallel increases processing capacity.
- The redundancy principle: explaining visuals with words using both audio and text hurts learning. (we’ve all been exasperated at times by presenters reading their slides). Use one or the other.
- The coherence principle: adding interesting but loosely related materials hurts the learning process.
- The personalisation principle: a conversational style and virtual coaches improves learning.
- The segmenting principle: manage complexity by breaking a lesson into parts.


